Optimization of a Volleyball Serve - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1024 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Volleyball Essay Did you like this example? Rationale Volleyball is one of my favorite sports that I play although I only play two and that was the reason I decided to focus my mathematical exploration on this simple topic. When told I had to do this exploration, I instantly started searching for topics and/or things I could do but nothing interested me. After looking at the stimuli given to me and many other examples, I decided that I would stick to what I was known for: sports†volleyball and basketball. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Optimization of a Volleyball Serve" essay for you Create order I thought that relating this mathematical exploration to a more personal matter would be the better choice. Having played volleyball from my 8th grade year to my senior year in high school, I know that serving is an important part of the game, but my question was How would I model this? Serving a volleyball is one of the most important factors in the game of volleyball and I knew that I would need to consider the physics of serving. Projectile motion is something that most definitely needs to be considered when talking about the optimization of a serve. Introduction Volleyball is an internationally renowned sport that is currently ranked as number 5 according to world atlas. It is essentially a game that consists of two teams, normally six players, in which a ball is hit over a high net. The aim of the game is to score points by forcing the ball on the opponents side of the court. One prevalent strategy is the use of a serve. Ive played it since my 8th grade year of middle school and Ive been a great server ever since. An optimized serve will either result in a point (due to it not being returned) or weakly returned allowing the serving team to use this to an advantage. In this paper, I will construct a model to interpret the optimization of a volleyball serve. Figure 1: The steps of serving a volleyball In order to correct model serving optimization, I will base the optimization of the serve on the dimensions of the court and the volleyball and the forces acting upon the ball. I realized that I first needed to consider these small factors when it comes to serving. The other most important forces to be considered are: the initial velocity put on the ball by the player, the force of the spin of the ball, and the distance the ball has traveled. Not only those things but also gravity plays a crucial role in the serving of a volleyball as it gravitates towards the Earth. Dimensions and Limits A volleyball has a diameter, d, of slightly over 8.15 inches and weighs about 10 ounces when rounded from 9.9 oz. The ball has shallow grooves along its outer shell which affect the way the air moves around the ball. When hit hard without spin, the ball tends to flutter in the air, moving erratically as it descends toward the ground. When hit hard with a spin, the ball tends to gravitate towards the ground faster with what is known as topspin. Figure 2: A diagram of a volleyball court with dimensions. Servers must serve behind the end lines. A typical volleyball court is 29 feet, 6 in. (9 m) wide by 59 feet long (18 m) in the shape of a rectangle (see Figure 2). The net in NCAA womens volleyball is 7 feet, 4 in. high. The net in the middle separates the court into two equal playing areas. Spreading from the end of each side of the court is an area from which the ball is served. The server may stand at any spot behind the line to serve efficiently. To calculate these models, x will represent the distance the ball travels horizontally, while h will be the height of the ball. The total distance will be represented by dt. In order for the ball to be served, one must hit the ball with an initial speed, therefore, VI will represent the initial velocity of the ball. As air resistance plays a big part in this model, time will be a factor to the model. Time will be represented as t due to the faster a ball comes, the less time an opponent has to get to the ball and return it. Explanations of Models C.1- Spin We must take into account the spinning of the ball. A spin on the ball allows the ball to move faster towards the ground on the opponents side of the court. It creates a force that along with the initial velocity that would make a serve a good serve that may end with an awarding point. A top spinning ball is where the top of the ball in spinning in the same direction of its projected motion; thus causing the molecules on the ball to gravitate towards the means of the Earth due to gravity. Because of this very reason, servers tend to typically use this strategy rather than a serve with no spin to acquire a quick point. To calculate this model, we must take the magnitude of the force and relate it to the angular velocity of the ball, which will be represented by ?†°. Angular velocity is a velocity that applies to objects that move along a circular path. Since, due to the spin, the magnitude is proportional to the angular velocity and the velocity of the actual volleyball. Figure 3: Diagram Dimensions of a Spinning Volleyball C.2- Gravity This model is based off assumptions that gravity is the only force acting upon the ball. In this model, the magnitude of the gravity force will be mg in the y direction since the ball is traveling downwards; m is the mass of the ball and g equals 9.8 meters/second2 whereas its the acceleration due to gravity. Also, the ball will move with a constant velocity in the x direction until it completes its path by landing on the ground. This model will be represented by the force equations of (see figure 3): Fx = 0 Fy = -mg? ¬? ¬ The time the ball is in the air can be calculated by the square root of the distance multiplied by 2, 2dv, divided by the acceleration of gravity: T = ?â‚ ¬?(2dt/g)

The Birthmark, a Short Story about a Scientist Written by...

â€Å"The Birthmark† is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne that tells the story of a scientist who is obsessed with an imperfection his wife holds, a small red birthmark on her cheek, and his concern with removing it. The story explores a few different themes such as science, gratitude, stereotypes and mortality. â€Å"The Birthmark† portrays that imperfection is a necessary aspect in humans and if perfection exists, it will not last long. In the story, a scientist, Aylmer, marries a beautiful woman named Georgiana. Georgiana has a small red birthmark on her cheek and although most men find the birthmark to be a unique and attractive feature, Aylmer sees it as â€Å"the visible mark of earthly imperfection. He believes that if the mark was not on her face, she would be absolutely flawless, which hurts Georgiana terribly to know that her husband does not accept her for who she is. One day she raises the subject of removing the birthmark to her husband, which t hrills him and he admits that he has already concocted a few possible plans to remove it. When the time comes, Aylmer brings the very nervous Georgiana into his lab. She becomes pale with fear, which causes her birthmark to stand out, and Aylmer peers at her with disgust, causing her to faint. Aminidab, Aylmer’s servant, is strong in a physical nature, but not wise. He has been Aylmer’s servant for years, and helps Aylmer bring Georgiana into the lab while thinking to himself that if Georgiana were his wife, he wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Birthmark Criticism Analysis The short story â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1843 at the beginning of the largest feminist movement in the United States of America which occurred between the years 1840 and 1920 (National). 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Infant Swimming Essay Example For Students

Infant Swimming Essay Drowning is the third most common death related accident among children younger than 4 in the United States and the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 in California, Arizona, and Florida. (Ellis Trent, 1997) People have reacted to such statistics by coming up with programs to teach children to swim. The programs started with the pioneering work of Virginia Hunt Newman who brought the idea over to the United States from Australia. She was taught by an Australian by the name of Claire Zimmerman. (Johnson Odent, 1995) Researchers have found that the best programs understand that knowledge of infant behavior and development would be the safest technique to prevent future drownings. We will write a custom essay on Infant Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through years of research with constant colleague review behavioral psychologists have developed programs to reduce the chances of drowning and free the child from the effects of fear when they near the water. Operant conditioning along with psychological development are the technologies used in teaching infants. These programs use child development principles to develop the program goals. Tens of thousands of children have learned the skills to save themselves in a panic situation. The drownproofing programs in the United States have made safety their number one priority and can help a child not panic when they have an aquatic accident. For simplicity sake I will use the masculine pronoun he to refer to all infants and toddlers. I expect the reader to substitute the pronoun she mentally if necessary. Many parents are afraid to teach their infants to swim, but there are good reasons why both the parent and the child can benefit from swimming lessons. Your child will love the water. Being with your child in the pool can be an exciting time of bonding for the parent and child. Your child looks to you for encouragement in the new activities that he is trying to accomplish. Physical contact, hugging and touching, expresses love to your child. Being in the water with him gives you a chance to have lots of physical contact. Researchers say that physical contact especially skin to skin is very important to the bonding process. (Johnson Odent, 1995) Giving this freedom to learn new experiences helps a child reconcile the first stage in Erik Eriksons child development theory, trust versus mistrust. Furthermore, praising your child for even attempting a task even though the task was not perfectly performed is a good way to build a childs self confidence. Children who receive praise only when they do something right conclude their parents love them for their accomplishments not just themselves. Remember genuine love is not contingent on success or failure. Pediatricians have claimed to see lower instances of a cold or flu in a child who takes water safety training. (Whitehead Curtis, 1983) Furthermore, if you exercise your baby in the water he will get more exercise because of the decreased restriction that gravity has on them. Since they cant sit or stand baby exercising in the pool is more appropriate, and increased strength helps a child develop walking skills quicker. Teaching your child to swim helps improve their coordination and balance because the water helps them to move bilaterally to maintain equilibrium. (Kochan McCabe, 1986) In one study a Finnish doctor at the Department of Physical Education the children were put through a test to check motor development benefits as a result of swimming. There were only two groups one who had swimming lessons twice a week and those who had none at all. The babies in the experimental group showed better extension of their joints and were able to control their vertical position earlier than babies in the control group. The babies who took the swimming classes were ahead in all areas of muscle strength. (Johnson Odent, 1995) In another study Lies Liselott Diem of Cologne, Germany conducted an experiment on children and swimming. There were six groups of children over a two year period. The groups were divided into the age range at which a child started swimming lessons (3 months, 24 months, or 2 years of no training at all). Each group was evaluated on several different dependent values such as motor . Infant Swimming Essay Example For Students Infant Swimming Essay Drowning is the third most common death related accident among children younger than 4 in the United States and the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 in California, Arizona, and Florida. (Ellis Trent, 1997) People have reacted to such statistics by coming up with programs to teach children to swim. The programs started with the pioneering work of Virginia Hunt Newman who brought the idea over to the United States from Australia. She was taught by an Australian by the name of Claire Zimmerman. (Johnson Odent, 1995) Researchers have found that the best programs understand that knowledge of infant behavior and development would be the safest technique to prevent future drownings. We will write a custom essay on Infant Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Through years of research with constant colleague review behavioral psychologists have developed programs to reduce the chances of drowning and free the child from the effects of fear when they near the water. Operant conditioning along with psychological development are the technologies used in teaching infants. These programs use child development principles to develop the program goals. Tens of thousands of children have learned the skills to save themselves in a panic situation. The drownproofing programs in the United States have made safety their number one priority and can help a child not panic when they have an aquatic accident. For simplicity sake I will use the masculine pronoun he to refer to all infants and toddlers. I expect the reader to substitute the pronoun she mentally if necessary. Many parents are afraid to teach their infants to swim, but there are good reasons why both the parent and the child can benefit from swimming lessons. Your child will love the water. Being with your child in the pool can be an exciting time of bonding for the parent and child. Your child looks to you for encouragement in the new activities that he is trying to accomplish. Physical contact, hugging and touching, expresses love to your child. Being in the water with him gives you a chance to have lots of physical contact. Researchers say that physical contact especially skin to skin is very important to the bonding process. (Johnson Odent, 1995) Giving this freedom to learn new experiences helps a child reconcile the first stage in Erik Eriksons child development theory, trust versus mistrust. Furthermore, praising your child for even attempting a task even though the task was not perfectly performed is a good way to build a childs self confidence. Children who receive praise only when they do something right conclude their parents love them for their accomplishments not just themselves. Remember genuine love is not contingent on success or failure. Pediatricians have claimed to see lower instances of a cold or flu in a child who takes water safety training. (Whitehead Curtis, 1983) Furthermore, if you exercise your baby in the water he will get more exercise because of the decreased restriction that gravity has on them. Since they cant sit or stand baby exercising in the pool is more appropriate, and increased strength helps a child develop walking skills quicker. Teaching your child to swim helps improve their coordination and balance because the water helps them to move bilaterally to maintain equilibrium. (Kochan McCabe, 1986) In one study a Finnish doctor at the Department of Physical Education the children were put through a test to check motor development benefits as a result of swimming. There were only two groups one who had swimming lessons twice a week and those who had none at all. The babies in the experimental group showed better extension of their joints and were able to control their vertical position earlier than babies in the control group. The babies who took the swimming classes were ahead in all areas of muscle strength. (Johnson Odent, 1995) In another study Lies Liselott Diem of Cologne, Germany conducted an experiment on children and swimming. There were six groups of children over a two year period. The groups were divided into the age range at which a child started swimming lessons (3 months, 24 months, or 2 years of no training at all). Each group was evaluated on several different dependent values such as .

Workplace Relations Tribunal in Australia

Questions: 1.How does the Fair Work Commission make agreements? 2.How does the Fair Work Commission approve agreements? 3.What are the steps that are involved in the making and approving of agreements? 4.What are the strengths and the weaknesses of this process"? Answers: Introduction Commonwealth Court of Conciliation was established as Australias first workplace relations panel under the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904. The institution developed due to social, economic legislative changes thus, Fair Work Australia was formed which later came to be known as Fair Work Commission. Fair Work Commission is the current national workplace relations tribunal in Australia. The commission is an independent body which functions on various professional fields sectors the functions are carried out by the members of the commission. Some of the functions are related with the conditions wages of employment, a lookout on the action bargaining of the industries enterprises, providing solutions to industrial disputes both internal external, status of the employees in the industrial market other matters of the workplace as well. The whole operation is overseen by the President with the help from his administrative staffs. 1. Fair Work Commission provides information about the process of agreements made by the enterprises. Enterprise agreements such as, the terms conditions of the employment are made between an employer an employee. The commission also provides information about the disputes that take place during agreements as well as the approval disapproval of agreements (Westacott, 2017). The agreement of an enterprise can be formed between more than one employers and more than two employees along with their respected representatives. On the other hand, when no employees are employed, the employer himself negotiates with other employee unions. The approval of the agreements of the enterprise might vary depending on the types of agreement. There are three types of agreements: Single enterprise agreements involve a single employer or more employers (basically, franchisees) co-operating together is essentially a single enterprise. Multi enterprise agreements involve two or more employers who are definitely not single interest employers. Greenfields agreements involve one or more employers of a new enterprise or who are going to establish an enterprise but have not yet employed any employees for the conduct of the enterprise. Agreements like this can either be a single enterprise agreement or a multi enterprise agreement. The agreements of enterprises contain various matters such as, the conditions of employment, payment of the employees, consultative method, providing solutions to industrial disputes also about the deduction of the wages of an employee for any purpose. However, they can never include any kind of illegal terms or conditions. After the agreements are made, the process of bargaining comes into light. Through this process the employers the employees are able to negotiate the terms and conditions of the agreements (Macneil et al., 2014). 2. After the completion of the bargaining process of the agreements, certain pre-approval steps need to be taken to ensure that the agreements can be approved by the Fair Work Commission. The employer should take the responsibility to clearly explain about all the terms and conditions of the agreement to the employees the effect that it will provide. After accepting the terms conditions, all the employees need to vote for the agreement to show their approval. A successful voting may occur only when the agreements are properly made. For a single enterprise, the majority of the employees of the employer need to cast their vote to endorse the agreement. For multi-enterprise, the majority of employees of at least one employers need to cast valid votes to endorse the agreement. Now, if the employees of all the employers dont approve the agreement then it will only cover those employers their employees who have approved it. In the case of Greenfields agreement, each employer each of th eir employees need to sign their approval for the agreement (McPhail, Jerrard and Southcombe, 2014). All the agreements of the employees contains both lawful unlawful contents. The lawful contents are: The matters related with the business relationship between the employers the employees who are going to be covered by the terms of the agreement. The matters related with the relationship between an employer the union of the employees which will also be covered by the agreement. If under any situation, the wages of the employees are deducted then it also should be covered by the agreement. The method or the technique of the operation of the agreement. On the other hand, all the agreements should not contain any kind of unlawful content, such as, Any objectionable or discriminatory term against the employees or the union, a term which will enable an employee or an employer to opt out from the process of the agreement, a term which is related with illegal unfair decision to dismiss any employee who has completed a minimum amount of the employment period, a term which acts in a detrimental way to any employee as a person a term which is not consistent accordingly to the action of the industrial provisions (Angwin, 2017). 3. After the voting session, the agreements need to be applied to the Fair Work Commission for the approval. Respective representatives from every enterprises need to apply to the Commission for the agreement using the Form F16. All the application for the agreements must be submitted to the Commission within those 14 days period when the agreements were made the representatives must also submit along with the application a legitimate signed copy of the agreement as well. The applications can be send to the Commission office through e-mail, express post or even in person. The applications can also be lodged through the Online Lodgment Service (Forsyth, Gahan, Howe, 2011). 4. The commission must be satisfied with several contents of the agreement before providing with any kind of approval, such as, the Commission will make sure that the pre-approval steps of the agreements have been determined by the enterprises and that the agreements have been sincerely agreed by the employees and that they have not been forced upon. The Commission also have to oversee that whether the agreement has passes the better off overall test that it does not contain any terms through which the NES can be excluded. The agreement should not contain any illegal terms it must provide several procedures for the settlement of any disputes internally or externally. The agreement should also include a consultation a flexibility clause as well (Townsend, Wilkinson, Burgess, 2013) In many cases the commission may give an approval on the agreements of the enterprises including of several undertakings. For instance, the Commission may approve an agreement that may not have met the many requirements of the Fair Work Act 2009. This may happen only when the Commission is satisfied with a written undertaking by certain enterprise. The written undertaking will only be approved if it does not cause any financial or payment crisis to the employees as well as it will not likely to bring any significant changes to the agreement. After approving all the agreements of the enterprises, the Commission will officially announce their decision along with the approved agreement as well as with any written undertakings which have been accepted. All the agreements, approvals decisions will be published on their official website a copy of each approved agreements will be sent to every parties or enterprises involved. Conclusion The Fair Work Commission is one of the best workplace relations tribunal for the people of Australia. The establishment of this commission has provided solutions to every crisis which are related with every professional sectors or enterprises along with their employers employees. The Commission does a coverage of all the disputes that take place within the enterprises, such as, agreements made between the employers of the enterprises and their respected employees. No agreement made between an employer an employee is valid until unless it has been approved by the Fair Work Commission itself. Therefore, every enterprise needs to send their bargaining representative to lodge an application with the Commission to get an approval for their agreements. It is vital for the Commission to follow certain steps before approving the any agreement. Thus, the enterprise should meet all the detail points before forming an agreement between the employers the employees. Sometimes, agreements mig ht not meet all the needs of the Commission but those agreements might still be accepted approved if the Commission is satisfied by written undertaking by the enterprise. The process of bargaining is clearly putting the Australian industrial structure in a negative aspect. It is also hampering the economic, social legislative structure of the country as well. Thus, the commission needs to revive back the fundamentals of the bargaining of the enterprise which they intended to achieve or conquer. This will help the employers, employees the unions to work together to face the commercial challenges together or else, Australian Industries will not be able to participate in the global competition. The Commission should try to modernize the bargaining system of the enterprise by suppressing them to focus only on those bargains which are relevant to the enterprises, employers the employees. By doing so, there is also a scope for economic prosperity in the country. References Angwin, M 2017, EBAs are now just a blockage to productivity, Australian Financial Review, 14 February, p. 39. Forsyth, A, Gahan, P Howe, J 2011, Weighty measures: bargaining in balance, Australian Financial Review, 15 November, p. 63 Macneil, J., Arnold Waring, P., Bray, M. and Cooper, R. (2014).Employment relations : theory and practice. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill Education. McPhail, R., Jerrard, M. and Southcombe, A. (2014). Employment Relations: An Integrated Approach.Cengage Learning Australia. [online] Available at: https://cengage.com.au/product/title/employment-relations-an-integrated-approach/isbn/9780170254694 [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Townsend, K, Wilkinson, A Burgess, J 2013, Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?,Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 100-117. Westacott, J. (2017). ENTERPRISE BARGAINING ON THE BRINK OF FAILURE.Business Council of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.bca.com.au/media/enterprise-bargaining-on-the-brink-of-failure [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017].